| LOTUS /
Untangling the Threads -Buddhism
and Ecofeminism (4)
The Third Thread : Ecofeminism or What Does¡®Feminism'
Add to Ecology?
What Does ¡®Eco' Add to Feminism?
Univesity of Wisconsin Rita M. Gross
Ecofeminism is an attempt to develop a more nuanced and complex
discussion of gender oppression that does not single-mindedly
reduce all problems to problems of unjust relationships between
men and women, while at the same time not ignoring such issues
either. As already noted, the term is a combination of the
words ¡®ecology' and ¡®feminism'. Ecofeminists claim that ecologists
often ignore gender issues while feminists often don't acknowledge
the depth of the ecological crisis and that both environmental
and gender issues must be adressed if we are to negotiate
the future successfully.
Not being trained in ecology, I do not feel qualified to
assess the claim that ecologists often ignore gender issues
and that this ignoring limits the relevances of their analyses.
I would only say that because something is not explicitly
mentioned does not always mean that it has been overlooked
in coming to one's conclusions, or that one would come to
radically different conclusions if one did pay more direct
attention to the supposedly neglected topic, in this case
gender issues.
I am more interested in the question of what the ¡®eco' adds
to ¡®feminism', or put another way, what differentiates ecofeminism
from feminism? I know from my previous work that a feminist
critique is certainly relevant to Buddhism(and vice versa),
and I also know from previous work that many concepts and
practices central to Buddhism are highly relevant to ecological
thinking. But what of Buddhism and ecofeminism? To answer
that question, we need a more full fledged account of ecofeminism,
looking especially into claims typically made by ecofeminists
that were not so dominant in ealier feminist thinking.
I find three dominant themes in ecofeminist thinking.
We may begin with the thesis positing a special relationship
between women and nature, which figures to some extent in
all ecofeminist thinking. This theme has taken two forms.
First, it is commonly claimed that women simply are more embedded
in the nature world, more in tune with nature, by virtue of
their biology, than are men. Thirty years ago, the standard
explanation for why women seem to be less involved in religion
than men appealed to women's closer link with nature, a link
which men lack, we were told, because their efforts went into
culture building. Whole theories of religion were built on
the claim that men are to culture as women are to nature.
That thesis is still invoked by religious conservatives to
explain why men usally dominate public religious life. Men
need religious rituals to provide them with what women have
naturally by virtue of their biology, it is claimed. Indeed,
men's religious rituals often do reduplicate what women do
in ordinary life: bathing, feeding, and dressing initates
or deities.
Some feminists and ecofeminists have embraced this claim,
celebrating women's experiences that are often denigrated
or ignored by male dominant cultures and religions. This celebration
tends toward essentialism, towards positing some intrinsic
quality that all women share despite cultural differences.
This celebration of women's unique sensibilities also often
borders on a claim that women are morally superior to men,
more peaceful and more concerned for others. Other feminists
and ecofeminists, myself included, are very skeptical of essentialist
claims and also have difficulty with claims of female superiority.
First of all, positing innate gender traits is fundamentally
nonsensical from a Buddhist point of view. But Buddhist doctrine
aside, such dualistic claims do not help women end their oppression.
Every set of essential traits assigned to women that seem
temporarily to forward women's interests can also be used
against women. It's only a matter of interpretation. Women's
supposed innate peacefulness could make them more worthy in
some people's estimation, but unworthy in the eyes of those
who think that defensive military actions are inevitable.
Reversing hierarchal dualisms does not undo the problems caused
by positing dualism as the ultimate nature of reality. The
other from of the claim that women and nature share a special
link is the thesis that women and nature are both seen as
objects to be dominated and subjugated by men. The very term
¡®Mother Nature' in the English language, used only when nature
does something inconvenient to human beings, underscores this
identification of women and nature and expresses a desire
to control her. As we have already seen because they were
identified with matter, not spirit, Christian Literature had
taught that women should be subservient and obedient. Many
ecofeminists expecially Carolyn Merchant in her influential
book, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific
Revolution would argue that the identification of women with
nature increased during the Western scientific revolution,
would argue that the identification of women with nature increased
during the western scientific revolution, when an organic
model of the universes was replaced with a mechanistic model.
In organic models of the universe, the world was viewed as
a living being, both feared and revered for her powers; for
nature were replaced by the attempt to dominate nature. But
because women and nature were so closely linked conceptually,
the language scientists used to talk adult subduing nature
consistently used female analogies. In her book, Carolyn Merchant
shows how early in the scientific revolution, writers such
as Francis Bacon borrowed language used by those who were
presecuting women as witcheds to describe how female nature
should be ¡®unveiled' and ¡®forced to yield her secrets.'
Nature, like women should be subdued and tamed. Tamed and
subdued earth and women are then available to be useful to
mankind, with little fear of any reprisal.
LOTUS /
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