Monthly Magazine Buddha
2550 11   4338 2006

 

 

LOTUS /

 

Untangling the Threads -Buddhism and Ecofeminism (4)

The Third Thread : Ecofeminism or What Does¡®Feminism' Add to Ecology?

What Does ¡®Eco' Add to Feminism?

Univesity of Wisconsin Rita M. Gross


Ecofeminism is an attempt to develop a more nuanced and complex discussion of gender oppression that does not single-mindedly reduce all problems to problems of unjust relationships between men and women, while at the same time not ignoring such issues either. As already noted, the term is a combination of the words ¡®ecology' and ¡®feminism'. Ecofeminists claim that ecologists often ignore gender issues while feminists often don't acknowledge the depth of the ecological crisis and that both environmental and gender issues must be adressed if we are to negotiate the future successfully.

Not being trained in ecology, I do not feel qualified to assess the claim that ecologists often ignore gender issues and that this ignoring limits the relevances of their analyses. I would only say that because something is not explicitly mentioned does not always mean that it has been overlooked in coming to one's conclusions, or that one would come to radically different conclusions if one did pay more direct attention to the supposedly neglected topic, in this case gender issues.

I am more interested in the question of what the ¡®eco' adds to ¡®feminism', or put another way, what differentiates ecofeminism from feminism? I know from my previous work that a feminist critique is certainly relevant to Buddhism(and vice versa), and I also know from previous work that many concepts and practices central to Buddhism are highly relevant to ecological thinking. But what of Buddhism and ecofeminism? To answer that question, we need a more full fledged account of ecofeminism, looking especially into claims typically made by ecofeminists that were not so dominant in ealier feminist thinking.

I find three dominant themes in ecofeminist thinking.

We may begin with the thesis positing a special relationship between women and nature, which figures to some extent in all ecofeminist thinking. This theme has taken two forms. First, it is commonly claimed that women simply are more embedded in the nature world, more in tune with nature, by virtue of their biology, than are men. Thirty years ago, the standard explanation for why women seem to be less involved in religion than men appealed to women's closer link with nature, a link which men lack, we were told, because their efforts went into culture building. Whole theories of religion were built on the claim that men are to culture as women are to nature. That thesis is still invoked by religious conservatives to explain why men usally dominate public religious life. Men need religious rituals to provide them with what women have naturally by virtue of their biology, it is claimed. Indeed, men's religious rituals often do reduplicate what women do in ordinary life: bathing, feeding, and dressing initates or deities.

Some feminists and ecofeminists have embraced this claim, celebrating women's experiences that are often denigrated or ignored by male dominant cultures and religions. This celebration tends toward essentialism, towards positing some intrinsic quality that all women share despite cultural differences. This celebration of women's unique sensibilities also often borders on a claim that women are morally superior to men, more peaceful and more concerned for others. Other feminists and ecofeminists, myself included, are very skeptical of essentialist claims and also have difficulty with claims of female superiority. First of all, positing innate gender traits is fundamentally nonsensical from a Buddhist point of view. But Buddhist doctrine aside, such dualistic claims do not help women end their oppression. Every set of essential traits assigned to women that seem temporarily to forward women's interests can also be used against women. It's only a matter of interpretation. Women's supposed innate peacefulness could make them more worthy in some people's estimation, but unworthy in the eyes of those who think that defensive military actions are inevitable. Reversing hierarchal dualisms does not undo the problems caused by positing dualism as the ultimate nature of reality. The other from of the claim that women and nature share a special link is the thesis that women and nature are both seen as objects to be dominated and subjugated by men. The very term ¡®Mother Nature' in the English language, used only when nature does something inconvenient to human beings, underscores this identification of women and nature and expresses a desire to control her. As we have already seen because they were identified with matter, not spirit, Christian Literature had taught that women should be subservient and obedient. Many ecofeminists expecially Carolyn Merchant in her influential book, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution would argue that the identification of women with nature increased during the Western scientific revolution, would argue that the identification of women with nature increased during the western scientific revolution, when an organic model of the universes was replaced with a mechanistic model. In organic models of the universe, the world was viewed as a living being, both feared and revered for her powers; for nature were replaced by the attempt to dominate nature. But because women and nature were so closely linked conceptually, the language scientists used to talk adult subduing nature consistently used female analogies. In her book, Carolyn Merchant shows how early in the scientific revolution, writers such as Francis Bacon borrowed language used by those who were presecuting women as witcheds to describe how female nature should be ¡®unveiled' and ¡®forced to yield her secrets.'

Nature, like women should be subdued and tamed. Tamed and subdued earth and women are then available to be useful to mankind, with little fear of any reprisal.


LOTUS /

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